| Description: |
alpha-Hexylcinnamaldehyde and p-tert-butyl-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic aldehyde are synthetic aldehydes, characterized by a typical floral scent, which makes them suitable to be used as fragrances in personal care (perfumes, creams, shampoos, etc.) and household products, and as flavouring additives in food and pharmaceutical industry. alpha-Hexylcinnamaldehyde is a weak allergen. |
| In vitro: |
| Regulatory Toxicology & Pharmacology, 2014, 68(1):16-22. | | Genotoxicity assessment of some cosmetic and food additives.[Pubmed: 24239523] | alpha-Hexylcinnamaldehyde (HCA) and p-tert-butyl-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic aldehyde (BMHCA) are synthetic aldehydes, characterized by a typical floral scent, which makes them suitable to be used as fragrances in personal care (perfumes, creams, shampoos, etc.) and household products, and as flavouring additives in food and pharmaceutical industry. The aldehydic structure suggests the need for a safety assessment for these compounds. Here, HCA and BMHCA were evaluated for their potential genotoxic risk, both at gene level (frameshift or base-substitution mutations) by the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), and at chromosomal level (clastogenicity and aneuploidy) by the micronucleus test.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In order to evaluate a primary and repairable DNA damage, the comet assay has been also included. In spite of their potential hazardous chemical structure, a lack of mutagenicity was observed for both compounds in all bacterial strains tested, also in presence of the exogenous metabolic activator, showing that no genotoxic derivatives were produced by CYP450-mediated biotransformations. Neither genotoxicity at chromosomal level (i.e. clastogenicity or aneuploidy) nor single-strand breaks were observed.
CONCLUSIONS:
These findings will be useful in further assessing the safety of HCA and BMHCA as either flavour or fragrance chemicals. |
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| In vivo: |
| Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1999, 159(2):142-151. | | Selective Modulation of B-Cell Activation Markers CD86 and I-Ak on Murine Draining Lymph Node Cells Following Allergen or Irritant Treatment.[Reference: WebLink] | It is well known that T cells are key effector cells in the development of allergic contact dermatitis.
However, we and others have shown that mice exposed to contact allergens show a preferential increase in B lymphocytes in the draining lymph nodes (DLN) as seen by an increase in the percentage of B220 or IgG/IgM cells.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether chemical allergens, in contrast to irritants, would modulate B-cell activation markers, CD86 and I-Ak, on B cells isolated from DLN of treated mice using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) protocol. Mice were treated on the ears for 3 consecutive days with concentrations of allergens (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, alpha-Hexylcinnamaldehyde, 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline-5-one, and trinitrochlorobenzene), or irritants (benzalkonium chloride and sodium lauryl sulfate), which caused an increase in the number of DLN cells. The DLN were excised 72 h following the final chemical treatment, and the cells were prepared for analysis by flow cytometry. In mice treated with allergens an increase in the median intensity of I-AK and CD86 on B220 or IgG/IgM B cells was observed compared to mice treated with irritants or vehicles. Mice treated with allergens demonstrated an increase in the median intensity of CD86 on B220 B cells that was dose dependent and peaked at 72 h following the final allergen treatment. The increase in the median intensity of I-AK also was dose dependent but peaked at 96 h. Finally, T and B cells isolated from both allergen- and irritant-treated mice demonstrated an increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation compared to vehicle-treated and naı̈ve mice at 72 h following the final chemical treatment.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results suggest that B cells isolated from DLN of allergen-treated mice are activated and proliferating. Analysis of B-cell activation markers may be useful in differentiating allergen and irritant responses in the draining lymph nodes of chemically treated mice. |
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