| Description: |
Syringic acid is a potential antioxidant used in traditional Chinese medicine and is an emerging nutraceutical. It has potential anti-angiogenic, anti-glycating, anti-hyperglycaemic,antimicrobial, fungitoxicity, neuroprotective, antimitogenic, chemo-sensitizing, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-steatotic, and memory-enhancing properties. Syringic acid can ameliorate L-arginine methyl ester-induced hypertension by reducing oxidative stress, and can reduce the pancreatic damage induced by alloxan and stimulated β-cell regeneration in diabetic rats. Syringic acid can suppress hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver injury, it inhibits the activation of cultured hepatic stellate cells.
|
| Targets: |
Caspase | IFN-γ | IL Receptor | TNF-α | NF-kB | NO | Antifection |
| In vitro: |
| Pharm Biol. 2013 Sep;51(9):1110-24. | | Syringic acid from Tamarix aucheriana possesses antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing activities in human colorectal cancer cells.[Pubmed: 23745612] | For its variety of biological activities, Tamarix aucheriana (Decne.) Baum. (Tamaricaceae) has an extensive history as a traditional Arab medicine.
Antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing activities of syringic acid (SA) were studied against human colorectal cancer.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Chromatographic and spectral data were used for the isolation and identification of SA. MTT, flow cytometry, in vitro invasion and angiogenesis assays, fluoremetry, ELISA and Real Time qPCR were used to test antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing activities of SA, cell cycle, apoptosis, proteasome and NFκB-DNA-binding activities, cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis, and expression of cell cycle/apoptosis-related genes.SA showed a time- and dose-dependent (IC₅₀ = 0.95-1.2 mg mL⁻1) antimitogenic effect against cancer cells with little cytotoxicity on normal fibroblasts (≤20%). SA-altered cell cycle (S/G2-M or G1/G2-M phases) in a time-dependent manner, induced apoptosis, inhibited DNA-binding activity of NFκB (p ≤ 0.0001), chymotrypsin-like/PGPH (peptidyl-glutamyl peptide-hydrolyzing) (p ≤ 0.0001) and the trypsin-like (p ≤ 0.002) activities of 26S proteasome and angiogenesis. SA also differentially sensitized cancer cells to standard chemotherapies with a marked increase in their sensitivity to camptothecin (500-fold), 5FU (20,000-fold), doxorubicin (210-fold), taxol (3134-fold), vinblastine (1000-fold), vincristine (130-fold) and amsacrine (107-fold) compared to standard drugs alone.
SA exerted its chemotherapeutic and chemo-sensitizing effects through an array of mechanisms including cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, inhibition of cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis, NFκB DNA-binding and proteasome activities.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results demonstrate the potential of SA as an antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing agent for human colorectal cancer. | | J. Agr. Sci., 2009, 1(2):15-20. | | In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Fungitoxicity of Syringic Acid, Caffeic Acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic Acid against Ganoderma Boninense.[Reference: WebLink] | This paper discusses the in vitro antimicrobial activity and fungitoxicity of syringic acid, caffeic acid and4-hydroxybenzoic acid which is found in oil palm root.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Experiments were observed for fourteen days, repeated at leastthree times and data were recorded daily. The antimicrobial activities and fungitoxicity of the phenolics againstGanoderma boninense were expressed in inhibition of radial growth of G. boninense on PDA ameliorated with the threedifferent phenolics with a range concentration of 0.5-2.5 mg/ml. Syringic acid was found to be very fungitoxic to G.boninense even at concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, the lowest concentration tested in this experiment. When theconcentration is increase to 1.0mg/ml of syringic acid, the pathogen is inhibited.
CONCLUSIONS:
Caffeic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoicacid were having inhibitory effect with the highest concentration tested; 2.5mg/ml strongly inhibited the growth of G.boninense in comparison to the control. |
|
| In vivo: |
| Turk J Med Sci. 2015;45(1):233-40. | | The protective effect of syringic acid on ischemia injury in rat brain.[Pubmed: 25790559] | Brain ischemia and treatment are important topics in neurological science. Free oxygen radicals and inflammation formed after ischemia are accepted as the most significant causes of damage. Currently there are studies on many chemopreventive agents to prevent cerebral ischemia damage. Our aim is to research the preventive effect of the active ingredient in syringic acid, previously unstudied, on oxidative damage in cerebral ischemia.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (no medication or surgical procedure), sham group (artery occlusion), artery occlusion + syringic acid group sacrificed at 6 h, and artery occlusion + syringic acid group sacrificed at 24 h. Obtained brain tissue from the right hemisphere was investigated histopathologically and for tissue biochemistry.
Superoxide dismutase and nuclear respiratory factor 1 values decreased after ischemia and they increased after syringic acid treatment, while increased malondialdehyde levels after ischemia were reduced after treatment. Caspase-3 and caspase-9 values increased after ischemia and decreased after treatment; this reduction was more pronounced at 24 h.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our study revealed that syringic acid treatment in cerebral ischemia reduced oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration. In the light of the biochemical and histopathologic results of the present study, we think that syringic acid treatment may be an alternative treatment method. | | Inflammation. 2015 Apr 23. | | The Neuroprotective Effect of Syringic Acid on Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats.[Pubmed: 25903968] | Acute arterial occlusions via different vascular pathologies are the main causes of spinal cord ischemia. We investigated neuroprotective effects of syringic acid on spinal cord ischemia injury in rats.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Rats were divided into four groups: (I) sham-operated control rats, (II) spinal cord ischemia group, (III) spinal cord ischemia group performed syringic acid, and (IV) spinal cord ischemia group performed methylprednisolone intraperitoneally. Spinal cord ischemia was performed by the infrarenal aorta cross-clamping model. The spinal cord was removed after the procedure. The biochemical and histopathological changes were observed within the samples. Functional assessment was performed for neurological deficit scores. A significant decrease was seen in malondialdehyde levels in group III as compared to group II (P < 0.05). Besides these, nuclear respiratory factor-1 and superoxide dismutase activity of group III were significantly higher than group II (P < 0.05). In histopathological samples, when group III was compared with group II, there was a significant decrease in numbers of apoptotic neurons (P < 0.05). In immunohistochemical staining, BECN1 and caspase-3-immunopositive neurons were significantly decreased in group III compared with group II (P < 0.05). The neurological deficit scores of group III were significantly higher than group II at twenty-fourth hour of ischemia (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS:
Our study revealed that syringic acid pretreatment in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion reduced oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration as a neuroprotective agent. Ultrastructural studies are required for syringic acid to be developed as a promising therapeutic agent to be utilized for human spinal cord ischemia in the future. | | Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition, 2014, 4(4):595-602. | | Antihyperglycemic effect of syringic acid on attenuating the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in experimental diabetic rats.[Reference: WebLink] | Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine entities, which coexist with defect in carbohydrate metabolism. The Indian traditional system of medicine prescribed plant phytochemical therapies for diseases including diabetes mellitus.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The present study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of syringic acid (SA) by assaying the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in experimental diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced into male albino Wistar rats by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan (150mg/kg). SA was administered to diabetic rats intragastrically at 25, 50 and 100mg/kg b.w daily once for 30days. The levels of plasma glucose, insulin, hemoglobin (Hb), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glycogen, levels of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, liver and kidney markers were evaluated. Oral administration of SA (50mg/kg) for 30days, dose dependently improved the glycemic status in diabetic rats. The levels of insulin, Hb and glycogen increased with significant decrease in glucose and HbA1clevels in SA treated rats. The altered activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, hepatic and renal marker were restored to near normal. Histopathological analysis of pancreas revealed that treatment with SA reduced the pancreatic damage induced by alloxan and stimulated β-cell regeneration in diabetic rats.
CONCLUSIONS:
The present findings suggest the antihyperglycemic effect of SA and its therapeutic potential for the management of diabetes. |
|
Cell. 2018 Jan 11;172(1-2):249-261.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.019.IF=36.216(2019)
Cell Metab. 2020 Mar 3;31(3):534-548.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.002.IF=22.415(2019)
Mol Cell. 2017 Nov 16;68(4):673-685.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.10.022.IF=14.548(2019)
ACS Nano. 2018 Apr 24;12(4): 3385-3396. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08969.IF=13.903(2019)
Nature Plants. 2016 Dec 22;3: 16206. doi: 10.1038/nplants.2016.205.IF=13.297(2019)
Sci Adv. 2018 Oct 24;4(10): eaat6994. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat6994.IF=12.804(2019)
