| Description: |
Cinnamaldehyde has vasodilator, anti-melanoma, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and anticancer effects, it possesses anti-bacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cinnamaldehyde has toxicity and antifeedant activities against the grain storage insects, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Cinnamaldehyde inhibited the expression of VEGF and HIF-α. |
| In vitro: |
| Appl. Environ. Microb., 2004, 70(10):5750-5. | | Mechanisms of Bactericidal Action of Cinnamaldehyde against Listeria monocytogenes and of Eugenol against L. monocytogenes and Lactobacillus sakei[Reference: WebLink] | The spice oil components eugenol and cinnamaldehyde possess activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but the mechanisms of action remain obscure. In broth media at 20°C, 5 mM eugenol or 30 mM cinnamaldehyde was bactericidal (>1-log reduction in the number of CFU per milliliter in 1 h) to Listeria monocytogenes. At a concentration of 6 mM eugenol was bactericidal to Lactobacillus sakei, but treatment with 0.5 M cinnamaldehyde had no significant effect.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
To investigate the role of interference with energy generation in the mechanism of action, the cellular and extracellular ATP levels of cells in HEPES buffer at 20°C were measured. Treatment of nonenergized L. monocytogenes with 5 mM eugenol, 40 mM cinnamaldehyde, or 10 μM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) for 5 min prevented an increase in the cellular ATP concentration upon addition of glucose. Treatment of energized L. monocytogenes with 40 mM cinnamaldehyde or 10 μM CCCP caused a rapid decline in cellular ATP levels, but 5 mM eugenol had no effect on cellular ATP. Treatment of L. sakei with 10 mM eugenol prevented ATP generation by nonenergized cells and had no effect on the cellular ATP of energized cells. CCCP at a concentration of 100 μM had no significant effect on the cellular ATP of L. sakei. No significant changes in extracellular ATP were observed.
CONCLUSIONS:
Due to their rapidity, effects on energy generation clearly play a major role in the activity of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde at bactericidal concentrations. The possible mechanisms of inhibition of energy generation are inhibition of glucose uptake or utilization of glucose and effects on membrane permeability. | | J. Stored Prod. Res., 1998, 34(34):11-7. | | Toxicity and antifeedant activities of cinnamaldehyde against the grain storage insects, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.[Reference: WebLink] | A methylene chloride extract of the spice, cinnamon, Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees, was shown to be insecticidal to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The contact, fumigant and antifeedant effects of cinnamaldehyde were tested against T. castaneum adults and larvae and S. zeamais adults. T. castaneum and S. zeamais adults showed similar susceptibility to the contact toxicity of cinnamaldehyde, both having an LC50 of 0.7 mg cm−2 and an LC95 of 0.9 mg cm−2.
However, cinnamaldehyde had a higher level of fumigant toxicity to T. castaneum than to S. zeamais, with LC50 values of 0.28 and 0.54 mg cm−2, respectively, and LC95 values of 0.32 and 1.78 mg cm−2, respectively. T. castaneum adults were more susceptible than larvae to the contact and fumigant actions of cinnamaldehyde. The larvae became less susceptible to both contact and fumigant toxicity of cinnamaldehyde with age. A flour disk bioassay using no-choice tests was employed to study the antifeedant activity of cinnamaldehyde against the insects and effects on consumption and utilisation of food by the insects. Cinnamaldehyde had no significant (P > 0.05) effects on diet consumption and growth of T. castaneum adults and had no antifeedant action against them at concentrations of up to 13.6 mg g−1 food. However, this compound significantly (P < 0.05) reduced food consumption, growth and dietary utilisation in T. castaneum larvae, and had obvious antifeedant action against the larvae at concentrations of 27.2 and 54.4 mg g−1 food. For S. zeamais adults, it only significantly (P < 0.05) reduced food consumption at a concentration range of 6.8 to 13.6 mg g−1 food, but had no significant (P > 0.05) effects on the insects' growth and food utilisation.
CONCLUSIONS:
Antifeedant action was observed to increase with increasing cinnamaldehyde concentrations. The combined contact, fumigant and antifeedant properties of cinnamaldehyde make it a potentially useful grain protectant. |
|
| In vivo: |
| Phytomedicine. 2007 Jan;14(1):15-22. | | Cinnamaldehyde--a potential antidiabetic agent.[Pubmed: 17140783 ] | Cinnamonum zeylanicum (cinnamon) is widely used in traditional system of medicine to treat diabetes in India.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The present study was carried out to isolate and identify the putative antidiabetic compounds based on bioassay-guided fractionation; the compound identified decreased the plasma glucose levels. The active compound was purified by repeat column and structure of cinnamaldehyde was determined on the basis of chemical and physiochemical evidence. The LD(50) value of cinnamaldehyde was determined as 1850+/-37 mg/kg bw. Cinnamaldehyde was administered at different doses (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg bw) for 45 days to streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg bw)-induced male diabetic wistar rats. It was found that plasma glucose concentration was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in a dose-dependent manner (63.29%) compared to the control. In addition, oral administration of cinnamaldehyde (20 mg/kg bw) Cinnamonum zeylanicum (cinnamon) is widely used in traditional system of medicine to treat diabetes in India.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The present study was carried out to isolate and identify the putative antidiabetic compounds based on bioassay-guided fractionation; the compound identified decreased the plasma glucose levels. The active compound was purified by repeat column and structure of cinnamaldehyde was determined on the basis of chemical and physiochemical evidence. The LD(50) value of cinnamaldehyde was determined as 1850+/-37 mg/kg bw. Cinnamaldehyde was administered at different doses (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg bw) for 45 days to streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg bw)-induced male diabetic wistar rats. It was found that plasma glucose concentration was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in a dose-dependent manner (63.29%) compared to the control. In addition, oral administration of cinnamaldehyde (20 mg/kg bw) significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1C)), serum total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and at the same time markedly increased plasma insulin, hepatic glycogen and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Also cinnamaldehyde restored the altered plasma enzyme (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase) levels to near normal. Administration of glibenclamide, a reference drug (0.6 mg/kg bw) also produced a significant (p<0.05) reduction in blood glucose concentration in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results of this experimental study indicate that cinnamaldehyde possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats. |
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