| In vitro: |
| J Nat Med . 2010 Apr;64(2):139-145. | | Biosynthesis of acteoside in cultured cells of Olea europaea[Pubmed: 20037799] | | Five phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, isoacteoside, beta-oxoacteoside, beta-hydroxyacteoside, and salidroside) were isolated from a cell suspension culture of Olea europaea. We examined the biosynthesis of acteoside in olive cell cultures by using feeding experiments with stable isotope labeled precursors. The hydroxytyrosol moiety of acteoside is biosynthesized from tyrosine through dopamine, whereas the caffeoyl moiety of acteoside is biosynthesized from phenylalanine via a cinnamate pathway. Dopamine is incorporated into acteoside through oxidation to the corresponding aldehyde, reduction to the alcohol, and then beta-glycosylation. | | Z Naturforsch C J Biosci . 2007 Sep-Oct;62(9-10):673-678. | | Screening for free radical scavenging and cell aggregation inhibitory activities by secondary metabolites from Turkish Verbascum species[Pubmed: 18069239] | | Free radical scavenging and cell aggregation inhibitory activities of 36 secondary metabolites isolated from the methanolic extracts of Verbascum cilicicum Boiss., V. lasianthum Boiss. ex Bentham, V pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor., and V. salviifolium Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) were investigated. The isolated compounds, 6-O-vaniloyl ajugol (1), ilwensisaponin A (2), ilwensisaponin C (3), verbascoside (4), beta-hydroxyacteoside (5), martynoside (6), poliumoside (7), forsythoside B (8), angoroside A (9), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (11), apigenin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (12), luteolin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (13), luteolin 3'-O-beta-glucopyranoside (14) and chrysoeriol 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (15), exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of bioautographic and spectrophotometric DPPH activities. Verbascoside (4) was the most active (IC50 4.0 microg/ml) comparing it to vitamin C (IC50 4.4 microg/ml) to inhibit phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced peroxide-catalyzed oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) within human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. Ilwensisaponin A (2) (MIC 6.9 microg/ml) showed moderate in vitro activity on lymphocyte-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-mediated aggregation using the HL-60 cell line [positive control was cytochalasin B (MIC 2.3 microg/ml)]. None of the other compounds showed free radical scavenging and cell aggregation inhibitory activities. |
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