| Description: |
Linarin possesses analgesic, antipyretic, anti-acetylcholinesterase, hepatoprotective
,anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities, it prevents Aβ(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity through the activation of PI3K/Akt, which subsequently inhibits GSK-3β and up-regulates Bcl-2. Linarin can protect osteoblasts against hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblastic dysfunction and may exert anti-resorptive actions, at least in part, via the reduction of RANKL and oxidative damage; it also can treat postmenopausal osteoporosis,it induces the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells by activating the BMP-2/RUNX2 pathway through PKA signalingin vitroand protected against OVX-induced bone lossin vivo.
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| In vitro: |
| Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 Sep 5;738:66-73. | | Protective effect of linarin against D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure.[Pubmed: 24877692] | Linarin was isolated from Chrysanthemum indicum L. Fulminant hepatic failure is a serious clinical syndrome that results in massive inflammation and hepatocyte death. Apoptosis is an important cellular pathological process in d-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury, and regulation of liver apoptosis might be an effective therapeutic method for fulminant hepatic failure.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
This study examined the cytoprotective mechanisms of linarin against GalN/LPS-induced hepatic failure. Mice were given an oral administration of linarin (12.5, 25 and 50mg/kg) 1h before receiving GalN (800 mg/kg)/LPS (40 μg/kg). Linarin treatment reversed the lethality induced by GalN/LPS. After 6h of GalN/LPS injection, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 and interferon-γ were significantly elevated. GalN/LPS increased toll-like receptor 4 and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase protein expression. These increases were attenuated by linarin. Linarin attenuated the increased expression of Fas-associated death domain and caspase-8 induced by GalN/LPS, reduced the cytosolic release of cytochrome c and caspase-3 cleavage induced by GalN/LPS, and reduced the pro-apoptotic Bim phosphorylation induced by GalN/LPS. However, linarin increased the level of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL and phosphorylation of STAT3.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our results suggest that linarin alleviates GalN/LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing TNF-α-mediated apoptotic pathways.
| | Int J Mol Med. 2016 Apr;37(4):901-10. | | Linarin promotes osteogenic differentiation by activating the BMP-2/RUNX2 pathway via protein kinase A signaling.[Pubmed: 26935542 ] | Linarin (LIN), a flavonoid which exerts both anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, has been found to promote osteogenic differentiation.
However, the molecular mechanism of its effect on osteoblast differentiation was unclear.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the present study, LIN from Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (FCI) was isolated in order to investigate the underlying mechanisms of LIN on MC3T3-E1 cells (a mouse osteoblastic cell line) and the osteoprotective effect of LIN in mice which had undergone an ovariectomy (OVX). The results revealed that LIN enhanced osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells dose‑dependently, with enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization of extracellular matrix. LIN upregulated osteogenesis-related gene expression, including that of ALP, runt‑related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and type I collagen (COL‑I). Pretreatment with noggin, a bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) antagonist, meant that LIN-induced gene expression levels of COL-1, ALP, OCN, BSP and RUNX2 were significantly reduced, as shown by RT-qPCR. Western blot analysis showed that LIN dose‑dependently increased the protein levels of BMP-2 and RUNX2 and enhanced the phosphorylation of SMAD1/5. In addition, LIN dose‑dependently upregulated protein kinase A (PKA) expression. H-89 (a PKA inhibitor) partially blocked the LIN-induced protein increase in BMP-2, p-SMAD1/5 and RUNX2. We noted that LIN preserved the trabecular bone microarchitecture of ovariectomized mice in vivo. Moreover, pretreatment with LIN significantly lowered serum levels of ALP and OCN in ovariectomized mice.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our data indicated that LIN induced the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells by activating the BMP-2/RUNX2 pathway through PKA signaling in vitro and protected against OVX-induced bone loss in vivo. The results strongly suggest that LIN is a useful natural alternative for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. | | Cell Immunol. 2011;268(2):112-6. | | Linarin isolated from Buddleja officinalis prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced dysfunction in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells.[Pubmed: 21420072] | The flowers and leaves buds of Buddleja officinalis MAXIM (Buddlejaceae) are used to treat eye troubles, hernia, gonorrhea and liver troubles in Asia.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
To elucidate the protective effects of linarin isolated from B. officinalis on the response of osteoblast to oxidative stress, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were pre-incubated with linarin for 1h before treatment with 0.3mM H(2)O(2) for 48h, and markers of osteoblast function and oxidative damage were examined. Linarin significantly (P<0.05) increased cell survival, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content, calcium deposition, and osteocalcin secretion and decreased the production of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL), protein carbonyl (PCO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results demonstrate that linarin can protect osteoblasts against hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblastic dysfunction and may exert anti-resorptive actions, at least in part, via the reduction of RANKL and oxidative damage. |
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